Review sheet for BIOL 104 Exam 2

Below are important terms and/or concepts that you should understand.

Soil structure and type
inorganic minerals
macronutrients
micronutrients (trace elements)
organic matter
humus
pore spaces
parent material
residual soils
transported soils
weathering
texture
loam
structure
pH (acidity, alkalinity)
lime
soil profile
soil horizons (O,A,E,B,C,R)
topsoil
subsoil
leaching layer
bedrock
soil orders
mollisols
alfisols
oxisols
laterite
ironstone

What inorganic materials are needed by plants in large quantity?
What is the importance of humus in soils?
Which has larger pore spaces: a sandy soil or a silty soil?
What forces produce transported soils?
What type of soil is best for farming?
How can soil pH be adjusted?
What soil layer provides most plant nutrients?
How do prairie and forest soils differ?
What happens to tropical rain forest soils after forests are removed?

Soil erosion
Dust Bowl
Natural Resources Conservation Service
land use
soil fertility
contour farming
strip cropping
crop rotation
low-till, no-till farming
windbreaks

What farming practices contribute to soil erosion?
What farming practices can prevent soil erosion?

Hunger and malnutrition
marasmus
kwashiorkor
food quality

What is malnutrition?
What are some different types of malnutrition?
What is the chief cause of hunger?

Farming systems
industrialized agriculture
non-industrialized agriculture
organic farming

How efficient are our current farming systems?
Can mechanized agriculture feed the world's hungry?

Producing more food
simplifying diets
overnutrition
unconventional foods
enriched foods
fabricated foods
winged bean
ye-ed
krill
aquaculture
crop yield
plant hybrids
crop pests, diseases
pesticides
DDT
biological magnification
biological controls
pheromones
sterilization
resistant crop strains

What three plants feed most of the world's people?
Are there alternatives to raising more food to feed the hungry?
How can pesticides cause ecological problems?

Water resources
water (hydrologic) cycle
groundwater
watershed
water table
aquifer
water diversion
subsidence
saltwater intrusion
desalination
cloud seeding
drip irrigation system
dual water system

How much drinking water do we have?
How can we get more?
How can we conserve water?
Do we need drinking-quality water to flush toilets?

Water pollution
point pollution source
nonpoint pollution source
EPA
dissolved oxygen content
biochemical oxygen demand
fecal coliform bacteria count
degradeable, non-degradeable
cultural eutrophication
algae blooms
recharge areas
ocean dumping
Water Pollution Act
Clean Water Act
secondary sewage treatment

What is the major source of water pollution?
How can rivers and lakes deal with organic pollutants like sewage?
What causes the cultural eutrophication of lakes?
How can our underground aquifers be protected from future pollution?
What pollution problems do oceans face?
What has been done to clean up point source water pollutants?

Air pollution
corrosion
plant death/yield reduction
respiratory system problems
primary air pollutant
secondary air pollutant
nitrogen oxides
sulfur oxides
ozone
air quality index
thermal inversion
industrial smog
photochemical smog
acid deposition (acid rain)
sulfuric acid
nitric acid
Clean Air Acts

How are plants and animals affected by air pollution?
How are secondary air pollutants produced in the atmosphere?
How can topography and climate affect the severity and type of air pollution?
What causes acid rain and how might it be controlled?

Waste management
solid wastes
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
sanitary landfill
methane gas
liners
leachate
recycling
incineration
dioxin
compost (biodegradeable)
hazardous waste (toxic waste)
waste exchange
detoxification
landfarming
injection wells
Superfund
Love Canal

How do we deal with most of our municipal garbage?
What makes a sanitary landfill a "high-tech town dump"?
Why aren't we burning more garbage?
How important is recycling?
How are we dealing with hazardous wastes?
Can we ever clean up our past mistakes with hazardous wastes?