PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM Dr Steven Berg This is a multiple choice exam. There is only one best answer. Choose it. Darken your answer carefully on the answer sheet provided. If you must change an answer, make sure that your erasure is complete. The machine will grade two responses as an incorrect answer. Make sure that you write both your class student # and the day and time of your lab exactly as indicated above. Feel free to ask the instructor if you feel that a question is not clear or if you feel that there could be two or more correct answers. You will have two hours to complete this exam. Good luck. 1 The molecule shown to the right is: A an amino acid B an aldehyde C a sugar D a lipid E a nucleic acid 2 What is the source of genetic variation between individuals within a species? A crossing over B mutation C independent assortment of chromosomes D A and B E A, B, and C 3 The molecule shown to the right is: A a ketone B an amino acid C a protein D a nucleic acid E a fatty acid 4 There is a protein which is made up of 50 amino acids which have polar side groups and 20 amino acids which are nonpolar. Of the 50 polar side groups, 35 amino acid residues can carry positive or negative charge. 33 of these charged amino acids residues have "R" groups which have a carboxyl group. At pH 7.0 (neutral pH), what is the overall charge of the protein molecule. A neutral, that is the positive and negative charges just balance B strongly positive since -NH4+ carries positive charge C strongly negative since the carboxyl groups would ionize and become negatively charged (-CO2-) D more information is needed E none of the above 5 Which functional group confers acidic properties onto a molecule? A -COOH B -OH C -SH D -NH2 6 A negative G for a chemical reaction means that: A the quantity "G" of energy is available to do work B the reaction can occur spontaneously C the reactants have more free energy than the products D all of the above are true E none of the above are true 7 An enzyme is capable of: A lowering the activation energy of a given reaction such that the reaction will go faster at a given temperature B increasing the free energy available from a given reaction C increasing the temperature of the medium such that the reaction can proceed faster D all of the above are true E none of the above are true 8 Scientific studies of the process of life indicate that life is: A not a completely unique process B obliged to obey all chemical and physical laws C not driven by "vital forces" unique to life D all of the above E none of the above 9 A definition of the life process which was given in lecture was that life is: A an energy creating process which requires chemistry B an energy driven machine C a set of energy driven, self-sustaining chemical reactions D A and B E none of the above 10 The driving force in the process of evolution is: A evolutionary theory B Darwin's "Origin of the Species" C natural selection D the "vital forces" inherent in all living things E none of the above 11 Two of the major functions of cellular carbohydrates are: A storage of water and the structure of sugars B storage of energy and the structure of cell walls C storage of amino acids and structure of nucleic acids D storage of nucleic acids and structure of proteins E none of the above 12 The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen in the process of photosynthesis occurs A in the stroma of the thylakoid as part of the light reactions B at the interface between the thylakoid membrane and the thylakoid lumen (thylakoid space) C during the Calvin-Benson Cycle D all of the above E none of the above 13 Shown to the right is an amino acid which you have studied in Fig 5.17 in your text. the "R" group of this amino acid: A contains an amino group B is of the "nonpolar" variety C is of the "polar" variety D is of the "electrically charged" variety E both A and D 14 Chemiosmotic phosphorylation involves: A the diffusion of water down a concentration gradient B a proton-motive force that drives ATP formation C a proton gradient that drives the oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions in the cristae D an ATPase that pumps protons across the mitochondrial membrane to acidify the cytoplasm E none of the above 15 Shown to the right is a diagram of an experiment discussed in your text (figure 10.15). This experiment provides data consistent with the hypothesis that A substrate level phosphorylation can occur in the cytoplasm and the matrix B substrate level phosphorylation does not occur in the chloroplast C a proton gradient can drive ATP synthesis D a proton gradient is required for the Calvin Cycle E none of the above 16 Contact inhibition is not seen in A cancer cells B normal cells growing in cell culture C cells in tissue culture that contact the surface of the culture vessel D normal liver cells E none of the above 17 Sister chromatids A have the two alleles for each trait found in diploid organisms as a result of sexual reproduction B each have half of the cells genetic information, part from the mother and part from the father C move together toward one pole during mitosis D have identical genetic information E none of the above 18 In sexually reproducing organisms, restoration of the chromosome number (after halving by meiosis) is due to A synapsis B mitosis C tetrad formation D DNA synthesis E fertilization 19 Shown above and to the right is a diagram of a cell you have studied in class. The cell is clearly a A bacterial cell B animal cell C jail cell D plant cell E none of the above 20 Trace the proper sequence in the life of a protein secreted by a eukaryotic cell. A plasma membrane, Golgi vesicle, nuclear envelope B rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, secretion vesicle, fusion of the secretion vesicle with plasma membrane thus dumping the contents of the secretion vesicles outside of the cell C rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, plasma membrane D cytoplasmic ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, plasma membrane E none of the above 21 During the light reactions of photosynthesis, H2O is oxidized to 2H+, ŤO2 and ______. A two protons which are used to make a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane. B two electrons which are used in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. C two neutrons which are used in the energy conservation process. D two oxygen molecules which are released into the atmosphere. E two nitrogen molecules which are used to make proteins. 22 What is the basic construction of a plasma membrane? A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins B monolayer of phospholipid C monolayer of carbohydrate D biolayer of biolipid E protein bilayer with embedded lipids 23 Shown to the right is a cycle which you have seen in class. The cycle occurs in the A cytoplasm B mitochondrion C chloroplast D thylakoid membrane E lysosome 24 Biological membranes can be selectively permeable to hydrophilic molecules such sugars and amino acids. This selective permeability is due to A the hydrophilic interior of the membrane B transmembrane transport proteins of the membrane C fluidity of the cytoplasm D the hydrophobic interior of the membrane created when the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids interact E none of the above 25 Normally, water will diffuse from A where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated B where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated C where the water concentration is greater to where the water concentration is less D the hypotonic (hyposmotic) solution to the hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution E A, C & D 26 Various biochemical intermediates of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the Calvin Cycle are used by the cell A as enzymes catalyzing various cellular reactions B as carbon skeletons for the synthesis of other molecules needed by the cell C as genetic information D all of the above E none of the above 27 One of the major differences in the cell division of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells is that: A cytokinesis does not occur B genes are not duplicated on the chromosomes C no spindle apparatus forms in prokaryotic cells D DNA replication does not occur 28 Shown to the right is a molecule which you have studied in class. The molecule is most closely related to: A genetic information B enzyme activation energies C energy storage D plant cell wall structure E paper production 29 Cytokinesis may involve A the separation of sister chromatids B the contraction of the contractile ring of microfilaments C the interactions between kinetochore and polar fibers D the formation of the cell center 30 The transfer of genetic information from RNA language into protein language (ei: the synthesis of protein) is called: A transcription B translation C replication D transition E none of the above 31 The transfer of genetic information from DNA language into RNA language (ei: the synthesis of RNA) is called: A transcription B translation C replication D transition E none of the above Shown to the right is a diploid cell with 4 chromosomes. There are two types of chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is symbolized by unbroken lines, while the other chromosomes haploid set is represented by dotted lines. At this time, the chromosomes have not yet replicated and each chromosome has one chromatid. Now, choose the correct chromosomal conditions for the following stages: 32 The metaphase mitosis: 33 A possible daughter cell of mitosis: 34 A possible daughter cell of meiosis I: 35 A possible egg cell: 36 In DNA, complementary base pairing occurs between A cytosine and uracil B adenine and uracil C adenine and guanine D adenine and thymine E all of the above 37 In DNA molecules, A the nucleotide residues are arranged in a linear, unbranched pattern. B the nitrogenous bases are found on the outside of the molecule. C the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone runs the same way on each DNA strand (eg: the two strands are parallel). D all of the above E none of the above 38 During DNA replication, one strand of the DNA serves as the ___________ upon which another DNA strand is constructed. A replicate B sample C substitute D template E semi-conservate 39 In crossing over A homologous chromosomes swap sides during mitosis B homologous chromosomes swap sides during meiosis II C homologous chromosomes exchange homologous DNA D A and C E B and C 40 Messanger RNA (mRNA) is: A like a photocopy of a single gene with enough information to synthesize one protein B shaped like a cloverleaf and contains an anticodon arm C used to form a ribosome D all of the above E none of the above 41 Which would be the complementary DNA strand to 3'-ATTCGC-5'? A 5'-ATTCGC-3' B 5'-TAAGCG-3' C 5'-CGGATA-3' D 3'-GCCTAT-5' E 5'-TAAGGG-3' 42 When mRNA is being synthesized, new nucleotides are added to: A the 3'-OH group of the ribose sugar B the 5'-PO4 group of the deoxyribose sugar C the DNA molecule D the phospholipids of the membrane E none of the above 43 The term "triplet code" means A that only three of the four possible nucleotides are used to code for proteins (one nucleotide is not used at all) B that three sequential nucleotide bases are necessary to specify the location of an amino acid in a polypeptide C that three codons are required to specify the location of each amino acid D that three amino acids are specified by each codon E that three amino acids specify each codon 44 Translation takes place in the A nucleus B golgi apparatus C nucleolus D cytoplasm on the ribosome surface E lysosome 45 The promoter is a specific sequence of bases in the DNA which A is involved with the initiation of transcription B codes for the enzyme produced C splits the DNA helix D assembles the ribosomes E starts translation 46 Of what is tRNA made? A amino acids B proteins C DNA D nucleotides E C and D 47 The triplet code expressed in DNA language is called the: A code B codon C anticodon D all of the above E none of the above 48 Can a ribosome be used over again? A No, it is broken down into tRNA's and digested after one protein is synthesized. B Yes, it is broken down into its component tRNA's which are then available for reuse. C No, it is bound up with tRNA, and eliminated from the cell so it won't make unwanted proteins at the wrong time. D Yes, once translation is completed, the ribosome dissociates into its subunits and is ready for initiation with new mRNA. E No, it is reincorporated into a mRNA. 49 The linear nucleic acid which folds back on itself to make a cloverleaf shaped molecule which is involved in protein synthesis is: A messanger RNA B ribosomal RNA C transfer RNA 50 Dehydration synthesis is a process that: A creates bonds between amino acids in the formation of a peptide chain B involves the production of a water molecule C creates bonds between sugar -OH groups and carboxylic acid groups to form esters D all of the above E none of the above 51 Two critically important parts of the mRNA molecule are: A the promoter sequence and the initiation codon B the "START" sequence and one of the STOP sequences C anticodon arm and the amino acid attachment arm D all of the above E none of the above 52 The large assembly of many proteins and several rRNA molecules which is involved in protein synthesis is (are) the: A nucleotide sequence. B rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane. C tRNA molecule. D ribosomes. E enzymatic activity. 53 DNA is A desmodromic acid B dinitro acrilate C diethylmethylribonucleic acid D deoxyribonucleic acid E none of the above 54 Ribosomes are composed of: A one large and one small protein B one large and one small organelle C one large and one small subunit D one large and one small membrane E one large and one small DNA molecule 55 RNA synthesis is catalyzed by: A DNA polymerase B polymerase C genetic translation D enzymes of the Calvin cycle E RNA polymerase using DNA as the template 56 A triplet code expressed in mRNA language is called the: A code B codon C anticodon D all of the above E none of the above Shown to the right is a table which summarizes the genetic code. You should use the table in answering questions 57 and 58. 57 While looking at the DNA nucleotide sequence of a human gene, you come across the triplet AAT. For which amino acid does this triplet code? A serine (ser) B leucine (leu) C asparagine (asp) D proline (pro) E none of the above 58 You have been given an mRNA molecule by your laboratory instructor. You carefully determine the nucleotide sequence to be: CCCGCGCGCGAUGGCUGACGGUGGUGGUCCCUGACCCCGCCGCCGC. When translated by the cell, you would expect this mRNA molecule to yield which peptide? A pro-ala-arg-asp-gly B met-ala-asp-gly-gly-gly-pro C met-ala-arg-asp-asp-pro-pro-asp D met-ala-arg-asp-asp-pro-pro-pro E none of the above 59 A triplet code expressed in tRNA language is called the: A code B codon C anticodon D all of the above E none of the above 60 What is the haploid number of chromosomes in a mammel that has 34 chromosomes in its sperm cells? A 17 B 34 C 68 D 17 E can't tell---need to know the diploid number first 61 If the "N" number of chromosomes of an organism is 8, how many combined chromosomes would there be in a kidney, sperm and a gamete cell have? A 16 B 32 C 40 D 48 E 56 62 When does crossing over take place? A Prophase I B Anaphase I C Metaphase II D Prophase II E Anaphase II 63 A difference between mitosis and meiosis is that: A mitosis occurs only in the gonads B there can be crossing over in meiosis, but not in mitosis C in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes pair off opposite their homologues D A and B E B and C 64 DNA is synthesized during the _________ phase of the cell cycle. A G1 B G2 C S D M E D 65 RNA polymerase stops transcribing when it comes to: A the stop codons (UAA, UGA or UAG) B a "terminator sequence" in the DNA C a AUG start codon for the next round of transcription D the tRNA molecules E all of the above 66 The process of protein synthesis involves Initiation, Chain Elongation and Chain Termination. The Initiation process is important to: A correctly locate the mRNA on the ribosome B determine the correct reading frame on the mRNA C localize the AUG codon at the correct location under the "P site". D all of the above E none of the above 67 A particular protein is 300 amino acids long. How many nucleotide residues would there be in the mRNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of this protein? A 300 B 100 C 900 D more than 900 E 600 68 RNA polymerase initially attaches to DNA at sites called _________? A structural genes B initiation codons C promoters D genes E none of the above 69 A polyribosome consists of: A several ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule B a ribosome simultaneously translating several mRNA molecules C ribosomes attached to rough ER D a ribosome specialized for synthesis of a polypeptide E a bundle of ribosomes in the nucleus 70 Which component is not directly involved in translation? A mRNA B tRNA C ribosomes D DNA E translocase 71 As a ribosome moves along an mRNA molecule by one codon: A the transfer RNA that was in the "A" site moves into the "P" site B the tRNA that was in the "P" site moves into the "A" site C the tRNA that was in the "A" site departs from the ribosome D the tRNA that was in the "A" site falls off of the ribosome 72 The ribosome can bind: A a mRNA molecule B a tRNA molecule at the "A" site C a tRNA molecule at the "P" site D all of the above E none of the above 73 Genes are A located on chromosomes B inherited the same way that chromosomes are inherited C arranged in linear sequence D assorted independently at the time of gamete formation unless they are on the same chromosome E all of the above 74 The chromosomes are moving to opposite poles during A anaphase B metaphase C interphase D prophase E telophase 75 Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of A glycolysis B acetyl CoA formation C fermentation D the Krebs Cycle E the Calvin Cycle 76 Which of the following is used to oxidize Krebs Cycle intermediates? A NADP+ B NADPH C NAD+ D NADH E FADH2 77 When first synthesized, the first amino acid of all proteins is: A proline (pro) B methionine (met) C serine (ser) D arginine (arg) E lysine (lys) 78 The diagram shown to the right illustrates the process of A DNA duplication B translation C transcription D transmission E mitosis 79 When a protein denatures, it: A decomposes to its component amino acids B loses its primary structure C loses its secondary and tertiary structure D alters its amino acid sequence E both B and C 80 The nitrogenous base absent in RNA is: A thymine B adenine C uracil D guanine E cytosine 81 For a chemical reaction to be exergonic, which of the following must be a negative number? A H B S C T S D -T S E H-T S 82 An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by: A altering the G for the reaction B making an endergonic reaction exergonic C lowering the activation energy D making a nonspontaneous reaction occur spontaneously E none of the above 83 Which of these organelles is not bounded by a double membrane? A nucleus B lysosome C chloroplast D mitochondrion E all of the above have double membranes 84 Proteins to be secreted by the cell are generally synthesized: A by ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum B by free ribosomes C in the nucleus D in the nucleolus E none of the above 85 The outer surface of the plasma membrane has, at one time, also been the: A surface of the ER facing the cytosol B surface facing the lumen (internal space) of the ER C cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane D cytoplasmic surface of the golgi E all of the above 86 Which structure is common to both plant and animal cells? A cell wall B tonoplast C mitochondrion D chloroplast E none of the above 87 The glycocalyx is the cell coating of a (an): A plant cell B prokaryotic cell C animal cell D mold E both A and D 88 According to the fluid mosaic model, membrane phospholipids: A move laterally along the plane of the membrane B frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other C occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane D are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding aqueous solution E both A and C 89 According to the fluid mosaic model, which type of molecule commonly spans the membrane, from its inner to outer surface? A protein B phospholipid C carbohydrates D nucleic acids E all of the above 90 Membrane proteins which function in the transport of molecules or ions across a biological are: A peripheral proteins B integral (transmembrane) proteins C attached only to the outer surface of the membrane D hydrophobic over their entire surface E none of the above 91 In a eukaryotic cell, the molecules of the respiratory electron transport chain are located in the _______________. A plasma membrane B cytoplasm C mitochondrial matrix D inner mitochondrial membrane E outer mitochondrial membrane 92 When electrons flow along the electron transport chain of the mitochondrion: A the H+ concentration of the matrix increases B the H+ concentration of the intermembrane space increases C ATP is synthesized in the intermembrane space D ATP is synthesized in the cytoplasm E none of the above 93 In the presence of a metabolic poison which specifically inhibits the synthetic ATPase of the thylakoid and prevents the protein complex from allowing H+'s to move across the membrane, you would correctly expect that: A the H+ concentration in the stroma would get quite high in the light B the H+ concentration in the cytoplasm would get quite high in the light C the H+ concentration in the lumen of the thylakoid would get quite high in the light D all of the above E none of the above 94 Chloroplasts can make sugar in the dark if they are provided with: A CO2 B ample amounts of ATP and NADPH C ample amounts of ADP and NADP+ D electrons E both A and B 95 The color of light least effective in driving photosynthesis is: A blue B red C orange D green E yellow 96 The major source of energy in plants is: A glucose B light C fat D protein E none of the above 97 Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration is generated by: A substrate level phosphorylation B oxidative phosphorylation C glycolysis D photophosphorylation E gluconeogenesis 98 The attachment between a chromosome and a microtubule leading to a microtubule organizing center is via the A centromere B centriole C kinetochore D kilometer E none of the above 99 Shown to the upper right is an organelle which you studied in class. The organelle is: A a mitochondrion B a chloroplast C a lysosome D a drumstick E a wishbone 100 Shown to the lower right is a molecular assembly which you studied in class. You would correctly identify it as a: A biological membrane B a lipid bilayer membrane C freely permeable membrane D cholesterol assembly E all of the above  HAPPY THANKSGIVING! ******* DRIVE SAFELY GOING HOME! ******* ***GRADES WILL BE POSTED NEAR PA215 BY 3 P.M. ON FRIDAY THE 19TH*** filename: 241final.F93 disk: 241final.f93 (with incorp figs)